TC | Character | 11 | 0 |
TSC | Character | 2 | 0 |
JC | Character | 14 | 0 |
JSC | Character | 8 | 0 |
JCX | Character | 5 | 0 |
TCX | Character | 8 | 0 |
HAZNAME | Character | 30 | 0 |
NOTES | Memo | 10 | 0 |
TC | TSC | JC | JSC | JCX | TCX | HAZNAME | NOTES |
DUS,INF,CH | OR | FD,FP,MA,LD,CL | ENZYMES | Enzyme dusts can cause irritation of the skin, mucous membranes, and the respiratory tract. Symptoms may include; soreness, redness, inflammation, and ulceration of the skin. They are also lung sensitisers - ASTHMA risk. Symptoms include; wheezing, headache, stomach ache, and general malaise. Permanent changes in the lung may lead to the development of fibrosis of the lung. | |||
INF | HO,AN,FP,LB | BACTERIA | Exposure to bacteria at work should be carefully controlled. The number of transmissible infections is high, and their routes of infection are many, especially the respiratory tract. Bacterial food poisoning from consuming food contaminated by certain bacteria can cause severe gastroenteritis. Symptoms may include fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and general discomfort. | ||||
DUS,CHE | MI | MA,ME | WE,CU,HT | CARBIDE | An extreme fire hazard. Care should be taken to store safely, and to handle carefully. | ||
DUS | MI | ME,MI,RL | SM | COAL DUST | Coal dust breathed in can be retained in the lungs and cause pneumoconiosis. Simple dust retention pneumoconiosis does not generally produce any drastic symptoms. If it progresses into fibrosis of the lungs the symptoms, most notably breathlessness,become much more severe. It is often linked with bronchitis/emphysema and an x-ray is often necessary to help with the diagnosis.Coal dust is also very explosive. | ||
DUS,CHE | MI | MI | SILICA | The inhalation of airborne silica dust gives rise to silicosis of the lungs, the most important form of pneumoconiosis. The higher the concentration to which workers are exposed and the longer the exposure, the greater is the risk of developing silicosis. Silicosis is caused when the lining of the lungs react to silica dust that has been inhaled causing fibrosis to develop. | |||
DUS | OR | TA,LD | COTTON, WOOL & SIMILAR DUST | Can irritate the lungs, and in severe cases causes respiratory disease (byssinosis). Threshhold Limit Value: 0.5 mg/cu.m | |||
DUS | OR | WD,FP,BU | WOOD DUST | Depending on its size, wood dust penetrates various parts of the lung. The large particles are trapped in the nose, throat or upper parts of the lung. The finer dust penetrates to the tiniest airways of the lungs. Diseases of the skin and respiratory tract are widespread in the wood industry. They are caused by substances which exist naturally in the wood, bacteria and fungus in the wood and additives used to treat the wood. Allergies caused by exposure to wood dust can cause: SKIN IRRITATION (red blotches, swelling, small lumps and blisters). RESPIRATORY TRACT IRRITATION (asthma, coughing, sneezing, tight chest, itching eyes), the dose required to trigger the symptoms often becomes smaller each time. OTHER ALLERGIES with symptoms of dizzyness, headaches, vomitting, stomach cramp and impaired vision. | |||
DUS,CHE | MI | MI,BU,ME | MINERAL DUST & FIBRES | Exposure to mineral dusts and fibres can cause irritation to the skin and respiratory system. | |||
CHE | PH | OF,ED,PR | PHOTOCOPIER FUMES & TONER | The main danger to health is from the chemicals emitted into the air. The most important are: Ozone,Nitrogen Oxide, Carbon Monoxide, Selenium Sulphide, Cadmium Sulphide and Toners. The health effects range from eye, nose and throat irritation to dermatitis, headaches and possibly the danger of reproductive problems and cancer. Other hazards arise from exposure to ultra-violet light and the heat generated by the photocopyer. | |||
CHE | MA,LD,HA,PR,TA | DYES, STAINS, PIGMENTS | Dyes and stains are soluble, and the colour tends to attach itself to textile fibres or other materials immersed in the solution. Pigments are insoluble, and they impart colour to an object by being dispersed throughout it in finely subdivided particles. Bladder cancer is the most serious hazard for the synthetic dye worker. It is not fully clear whether the tumours are caused by the dyestuffs themselves or by intermediate compounds. Cases of asthma have been reported, and a few cases of dermatitis. One problem facing workers is the removal of the dye when it has coloured the superficial layers of skin. Dermatitis is a real problem through the use of strong cleaners in an attempt to remove the dye from the skin. | ||||
CHE | CL,LB,ME,PR | DL | ACIDS, ALKALIS | Acids and alkalis are the ingredients of all kinds of brandname products used in the workplace. Their CORROSIVE qualities are employed for removing dirt and grease, or, in more concentrated forms, etching through metal, glass etc. Acids and alkalis can cause burning through contact. Splashes are a serious risk to the eyes. Swallowing may cause burning of the stomach or throat. Especially damaging are nitric, hydrochloric, and sulphuric acids. Any concentrated acid gives off fumes, which can burn lungs and other internal tissues. Alkalis don't fume, but have similar burning effects to acids. Commonest alkalis include caustic soda, caustic potash, sodium hydroxide. Alkalis come in dust as well as liquid forms. (Lime, quicklime, cement.) Alkalis commonly cause dermatitis and other skin irritations. If you have to work with acids or alkalis, you should look at the Knowledge Bank information about hazard PREVENTION. | |||
CHE | AN,FP,RU,LE | INSECTICIDES | There is no such thing as a totally non-toxic insecticide. The hazards can come from the insecticide itself, or from the carrying agent (often a solvent such as xylene or toluene). SHORT-TERM problems include dermatitis, upper respiratory tract irritation, headaches, nausea, sweating, fatigue, numbness, pins and needles, vision problems and confusion. LONG-TERM problems include cancer, asthma, liver damage, epilepsy, birth defects, nervous system damage and memory problems. The most important thing is to establish EXACTLY what the ingredients are of the insecticide being used, and IN WHAT QUANTITIES these ingredients are present. | ||||
CHE | DR,GA | PETROCHEMICALS | Crude petroleum is a liquid consisting mainly of hydrocarbons but containing, in addition, related sulphur, oxygen and nitrogen compounds; other elements and metals may be present in trace quantities. The petroleum chemical industry uses this crude petroleum in a variety of processes to extract certain elements and/or to mix with other ingredients to obtain the finished product. It is important to ESTABLISH EXACTLY what it is that you are exposed to, this means finding out not only the INGREDIENTS but also the QUANTITIES of each ingredient. | ||||
CHE,DUS | MA,AS,EL | PLASTIC DUST & FUMES | The health effects of plastic dust and fumes can vary from the general irritation of the respiratory system and skin, to the specific effect of individual constituents in the product. Exposure to general dust and fumes can irritate the skin and respiratory system, and may lead to increased airways resistance and BRONCHITIS/EMPHYSEMA. When heated to cause fumes THE RISK TO HEALTH IS MUCH GREATER. | ||||
CHE | SOLVENTS | RECOGNISING THE HAZARD Solvents are commonly used in paints, paint strippers, lacquers, varnishes, mastics, glues, surface coatings, in thinners and cleaning fluids. WHAT ARE THE DANGERS OF SOLVENTS? Solvents can have serious, even lethal, effects on your health. At worst prolonged or high-level exposure may cause brain damage (Solvent dementia), or damage to the liver or kidneys. Lower exposure can cause irritation to the skin and eyes, irritation to the breathing system, nausea, headaches and dizziness. Proper ventilation and high-quality, COMFORTABLE protective clothing are essential if you are to work safely with solvents. COMPENSATION Solvent-induced brain damage is not a prescribed industrial disease. DSS compensation has, however, been awarded for the harmful effects of specific solvents. | |||||
CHE | ME,MA,GA | OILS, OIL MISTS,SPRAYS & SMOKE | Exposure to oil mists, fumes, sprays, and smoke can cause problems for workers. It is helpful to split the problems into two categories internal and external. EXTERNAL; oils and/or their additives are linked to SKIN CANCER, DERMATITIS, OIL ACNE,BLACKHEADS, and CANCER of the SCROTUM. INTERNAL; it is known that inhalation of oil mists, sprays and smoke are linked with a higher incidence of LUNG and STOMACH CANCERS, and PULMONARY FIBROSIS (scarring of the lung). It is known that viruses survive in contaminated oil products, and respiratory problems can be caused by exposure to that contaminated oil. Working in an area where oil mists exist means that there is a risk of slippery floors, and other equipment covered by a film of oil and therefore an increased accident risk. | ||||
CHE | CL,HO,FD,HA,LD | DETERGENTS & SOAPS | The general term "detergents" is used now to describe all synthetic washing compounds. The production process is largely automated, but respiratory diseases are reported where the dust control is not adequate. Outbreaks of rhinitis, laryngitis and asthma have been reported amongst detergents producers.This can be caused by exposure to one ingredient or the combination of ingredients. Skin irritations such as DERMATITIS are mainly allergic reactions which may be suffered by users as well as producers. Often the reaction is to just one of the components - one example is the perfume added to give the detergent a sweet smell. It is important to ESTABLISH EXACTLY the ingredients of the detergent in order that you can more easily identify what is causing the problem. | ||||
PHY | REPETITIVE LIFTING/HANDLING | Repetitive lifting and manual handling can cause strain injuries and crippling disabilities. Initially the symptoms,such as tingling, pain, swelling,stiffness or tenderness may improve when periods of time are spent away from the work e.g. weekends or holidays. Gradually the period of recovery takes longer until recovery is not possible. Every worker who regularly does repetitive work of this kind is potentially at risk. | |||||
PHY | HO,WE | PATIENT LIFTING/LIFTING PEOPLE | The task of lifting another person is one of the most difficult things to accomplish safely, especially if the person being lifted cannot (or will not) co-operate. A lift that goes wrong can cause SERIOUS PERMANENT DAMAGE to the SPINE. It can cause a RUPTURE, TORN MUSCLE and many other problems. Repeated heavy lifting even if it does not cause an accident can lead to PERMANENT BACK PROBLEMS just as severe as in the case of an accident. | ||||
PHY | HEAVY LIFTING | Heavy lifting must be avoided if at all possible. Injuries arising from heavy lifting can be permanent and crippling. Back damage, muscle injuries, hernias, tendon damage and joint complaints can arise out of one lift that goes wrong, or from regular heavy lifting which gradually causes wear on vital parts of the anatomy. | |||||
WKS | BENCH/TABLE HEIGHT WRONG | Working with tables, benches, and platforms at the wrong height can lead to problems. Muscles, tendons,joints and the spinal column are placed under stress by working at unsuitable levels. Prolonged periods of this type of work can lead to serious problems. | |||||
PHY | REACHING | Reaching away from the body substantially reduces the amount that workers can safely lift, move, or carry. It places exceptional amounts of stress upon the muculoskeletal parts involved, and as a consequence greatly increases the probability of serious damage, | |||||
RSI | GRIPPING, PRESSING, SQUEEZING | Use of an excessively tight grip is linked to several problems such as beat hand, tenosynovitis and carpal tunnel syndrome. In the early stages the symptoms may be a sore wrist or forearm, in later stages the pain will be acute and movement of the wrist or fingers limited. In advanced stages only jerky movement of the finger may be possible, and the thumb or finger may become locked. | |||||
PHY | PULLING/PUSHING | Any work operation which requires a pushing or pulling manouvre contains some element of risk. It is difficult to do with a straight back, and as a consequence will probably place an increased load on the musculoskeletal system. Short term problems can include backache or muscular strains. Long term problems may include problems with the spinal column, especially the discs. | |||||
STR,HRS | NOT ENOUGH REST | Sufficient adequate rest breaks are an essential part of a safe working practice. Much of todays work is of a repetitive nature and it is necessary to have regular breaks in order to prevent the onset of STRAIN INJURIES. Regular breaks are also important to prevent FATIGUE and BOREDOM as both can lead to an increase in the ACCIDENT RATES due to LACK OF CONCENTRATION. | |||||
NOI,STR | IRRITANT NOISE | Any unwanted sound is a problem. Working in noisy environment can lead to STRESS, this is especially true when the noise is INTERRUPTING THE CONCENTRATION necessary to do the work correctly. Research has shown that the human voice is the most intrusive sound, and the most difficult to ignore. Stress and lack of ability to concentrate can lead to an increase in mistakes, and in the accident rate. | |||||
VIB,WKS,RSI | TL | AIR DRILL/WRENCH/PICK ETC. | Regular and prolonged use of pneumatic drills,wrenches,and picks etc., can cause permanent damage to the blood vessels and nervous system. The most common disease is called VIBRATION INDUCED WHITE FINGER (VWF). This leads to the ends of the fingers becoming white, and progresses until the whole of the hand becomes white, especially when cold. This leads to loss of feeling in the fingers and difficulty with small objects, and tasks like buttoning up clothing. | ||||
VIB,RSI | BU,DR,FP,RD,RL | WHOLE BODY VIBRATION | Whole body vibration can cause many problems from motion sickness to damage of the internal organs. Problems may present in a whole range of symptoms including; weakness, fatigue, disturbed sleep, hernias, injuries to internal organs, blurred vision, and varicose veins in the anus (piles). | ||||
STR,HRS | PRODUCTIVITY PAY, TARGETS | The pace of work should be dictated by the worker and not the machine. Work that is linked to targets that increase pay can lead to the concentration on the single task, and the taking of short cuts, this can lead to a higher accident rate and increased ill health. This type of work can also lead to stress, symptoms include headaches, fatigue, irritability, and circulation problems. | |||||
STR,VIO | CLIENTS, CUSTOMERS, PATIENTS | Working for clients, customers or patients adds a burden that can cause stress. Most people feel that they must satisfy demands even though that places burdens upon them that are not necessarily part of their job. It can also cause accidents, for example a carer often attempts to pick up someone who has fallen even though they know that it is probably beyond them. | |||||
STR,HRS | LONG/ANTISOCIAL HOURS | The working of long and/or antisocial hours can be hazardous. Both may lead to FATIGUE and STRESS. Some people are unable to cope physically or mentally with the working of unsocial hours. Stress and/or fatigue can lead to an increase in accidents. | |||||
STR,ACC | BORING WORK | Workers reactions to boring and monotonous work may vary. Some workers will find it relatively easy to adapt, others may be unable to adapt at all. The workers develop a sensation of boredom and apathy; they lose interest in work, become distracted and feel sleepy. A decrease in excitability of the central nervous system is noticeable at all levels, and some changes in the blood pressure and the heart and respiratory rate are noted. The principal consequences of monotonous work are; deterioration of working capacity, increase in accident risks, and an increase in work dissatisfaction and the risks associated with that. | |||||
STR | LONELY | Working alone can be STRESSFUL. It can also be dangerous in circumstances where there is a risk of injury, for example from machinery, or from a fall. | |||||
STR | ISOLATED BY LANGUAGE | Isolation by language can lead to stress. It also can prevent the understanding of what is necessary to work safely. | |||||
STR | FEAR OF REDUNDANCY | For many workers the fear of losing ones job, insecurity, and unemployment is the largest source of stress that they face. It can lead to shock, depression, and mental illness. | |||||
STR | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | Sexual harassment can lead to the affected person developing stress related problems, and low self esteem. Symptoms can include headache, tiredness, irritability, loss of appetite, indigestion. In the long term, increased blood pressure and circulatory problems may develop. | |||||
STR,HRS | SHIFT WORKING | Shift working can cause serious health problems. It can lead to stress with all the consequences to health that this may bring. It can cause digestive disorders, sleep problems and fatigue. Research has shown that although the rate of accidents decreases for night shift workers, the severity of the accident increases. | |||||
VDU | SCREEN FLICKER & GLARE | Any reduction in the ability to see the screen work easily and clearly will have an effect on the eyes. Screen flicker and glare can cause EYESTRAIN and VISUAL FATIGUE, and as a consequence HEADACHES and STRESS. | |||||
ASB | ASBESTOS CUTTING & DUST | All asbestos dust is dangerous, it can kill and is responsible for causing lung damage and cancer. Strict controls are necessary to ensure that no asbestos dust is allowed to become airborne in the general atmosphere. Once the dust has been allowed to escape into the general atmosphere its control and elimination become expensive and relatively innefective. The dust is often too small to be seen by the naked eye, the diseases it causes can take many years to develop and there is no known cure for asbestos diseases.There are three main types of asbestos, usually called blue, brown and white. It is not easy to distinguish them with the naked eye, ALL THREE ARE DANGEROUS. Any inhaled asbestos dust has the potential to cause harm. However, most inhaled dust leaves the body via the gastrointestinal tract. If you think you may be exposed to asbestos see the Knowledge Bank information about HAZARD PEVENTION. | |||||
ASB | GA,MA | BRAKE SHOES | The use of asbestos in the manufacture of brake shoe linings, disc pads and clutch linings has lessened in recent years. The difficulty is that it is not possible to know in advance if the vehicle being worked on has any asbestos containing products fitted. ALL ASBESTOS DUST IS DANGEROUS. It can kill, cause cancers and lung damage. THERE IS NO SAFE LEVEL OF EXPOSURE, any inhaled asbestos dust has the potential for causing harm. However, most inhaled dust leaves the body via the gastrointestinal tract. If you think that you may be exposed to asbestos see the Knowledge Bank information on hazard PREVENTION. | ||||
ASB | BLUE ASBESTOS | Blue asbestos is more commonly known as Crocidolite, mainly mined in South Africa It can be spun and woven with other materials and used for fireproof clothing and curtains. It is also mixed with other materials to make brake and clutch linings, and was commonly mixed with cement and sprayed for use as an insulation. It is now less commonly used and often substituted by man-made mineral fibres and other products. It is often not possible to see with the naked eye, and difficult to identify by the time it has been worked with. ALL ASBESTOS IS DANGEROUS, and THERE IS NO SAFE LEVEL OF EXPOSURE. It can kill, cause cancer and lung damage. Any inhaled asbestos dust has the potential to cause harm. However, most inhaled dusts leave the body via the gastrointestinal tract. If you think that you may be exposed to asbestos see the Knowledge Bank information about hazard PREVENTION. | |||||
ASB | WHITE ASBESTOS | White asbestos is commonly known as Chrysotile. In general it is the softest type of asbestos. This makes it suitable for spinning and weaving to produce asbestos cloth and tape. It is also used in asbestos-cement products such as roofing sheets, wall boards and pipes of various types. ALL ASBESTOS DUST IS DANGEROUS, it can kill, cause cancers and lung damage. NO LEVEL OF EXPOSURE IS SAFE, any inhaled asbestos dust has the potential to cause harm. If you think you may be exposed to asbestos see the Knowledge Bank information on hazard PREVENTION. | |||||
ASB | BROWN ASBESTOS | Brown asbestos is more commonly known as amosite. Its long but harsh fibres are unsuitable for spinning but it has large bulk making it excellent for insulation products. ALL ASBESTOS DUST IS DANGEROUS, it can kill, cause cancers and lung damage. THERE IS NO SAFE LEVEL OF EXPOSURE, any inhaled asbestos dust has the potential to cause harm. However, most inhaled dust leaves the body via the gastrointestinal tract. If you think that you may be exposed to asbestos see the Knowledge Bank information on hazard PREVENTION. | |||||
RAD | IO | IONISING RADIATION | Ionising radiation is a potentially serious health hazard. It can occur in nature and can be produced artificially but cannot be detected by the human senses. The process of ionisation can cause changes in cells of living tissue, which, if severe enough can lead to ill health effects such as mutations or cancer. If the whole body is exposed to very high doses of radiation, damage to tissue is so great that the body is unable to recover and death is almost certain. Below the relatively high dose levels which can cause this acute radiation damage, radiation exposure produces no readily visible symptoms, However it raises the chances of those exposed to developing certain types of ill health effects such as cancer which may not appear until some time later. | ||||
RAD | ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION | Substantial variations in individual sensitivity to radiofrequency radiation have been found. Among the complaints raised by workers exposed to electromagnetic radiation are: headaches, nervous excitability, auditory sensations, loss of hair, impotence, menstrual irregularity, watering eyes, lack of appetite, and sweating. The symptoms seem to disappear after removal from exposure. Changes to the E.E.G. rhythms and voltage have been recorded and have been described as "radiowave disease" and "microwave disease". However there is no general agreement on the matter. | |||||
RAD | FD | MICROWAVE OVENS | Microwave ovens operate on radiofrequency energy. Substantial variations in individual sensitivity to radiofrequency radiation have been found in humans. The growing use of radiofrequency radiation exposes more and more workers but there is no general agreement on safe levels of exposure. Workers regularly exposed to this type of energy complain of : headaches, nervous excitability, auditory sensations, loss of appetite, menstrual irregularity,loss of hair, impotency, eye irritation and sweating. The symptoms disappear after removal from exposure to radiofrequency radiation. Clinical changes to E.E.G. rhythms and voltage, and some minor deformation of E.C.G rhythm have been found. | ||||
DUS | OR | FD,FP | FLOUR, CEREAL DUST | Exposure to flour and cereal dusts can cause respiratory system disorders and skin complaints. RESPIRATORY EFFECTS include rhinitis (runny nose), asthma and bronchitis. Relatively severe bronchial affections have been observed. Bakers asthma is an industrial disease. SKIN DISEASES may be caused by moulds that develop in the stored grain or flour or by parasites found in the grain. They are seldom long lasting or severe. | |||
DUS | MI | BU,MA,HM | FIBREGLASS | Man-made glass and mineral fibres (MMMF)are used extensively as insulation products in the home and in industry. It is a skin irritant, but continued exposure often leads to a loss of sensitivity and a lack of reaction. Its effect upon the lungs is not clear, when heated it may release fumes which cause problems. It is best treated with respect until the long term hazards are more widely known. | |||
DUS | MI | BU,HM,PA | PLASTER | Workers often refer to different materials as plaster. Although most plaster is mainly gypsum the different types and supplies may have slightly different ingredients. Gypsum dust has an irritant action on the eyes and upper respiratory tract. There have been reports of conjunctivitis, rhinitis (runny nose), laryngitis, sore throat and reduced sense of smell and taste among workers with a long exposure | |||
CHE | TA | BU,RD,PA | BITUMEN, TAR, ASPHALT | Asphalt, bitumen and tar, although different, share some common hazards. They are often heated before use and the fumes are skin, eyes and respiratory system irritants. The skin problems include dermatitis, lesions that resemble acne, warts and photosensitisation. The respiratory problems include irritation to the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract. Irritation of the eyes can cause conjunctivitis, and other eye disorders. Internal lesions have been reported among bitumen and tar workers in the respiratory system and the digestive system. Both tar and pitch are to be treated as carcinogenic. Identification of whether the exposure is asphalt, bitumen or tar is important as an aid to possible hazards and treatment. | |||
CHE | BU,WD,FP | DAMPPROOFING CHEMICALS | Damp proofing liquids can contain chemicals that are irritant to the respiratory system. | ||||
CHE | ME | FUMES: METALS | The health hazards of being exposed to metal fumes are many and varied, and will depend greatly upon the type of metal fume being created. The most important thing is to ESTABLISH EXACTLY the ingredients of the metal fume, and the EXACT QUANTITIES of these ingredients. Some examples of the effects of metal fume exposure are: - eye, nose and throat irritation - dermatitis - lung damage - bronchitis - metal fume fever- like a severe flue attack - kidney damage | ||||
CHE | MI | AEROSOLS | The aerosol propellant can be a health hazard as well as the ingredients that are being sprayed. A common propellant is butane.It is an upper respiratory tract irritant, mildly toxic by inhalation and causes drowsiness. It is a VERY DANGEROUS FIRE HAZARD, and when heated to decomposition it emits ACRID SMOKE AND FUMES. If using aerosols repeatedly, avoid working in confined spaces, and outdoors try to work on the windward side. | ||||
VDU | STATIC - DUST | Many of the problems attributed to the use of VDU's are really the consequence of a poor working environment leading to problems with dust and static. There have been recorded cases of VDU workers suffering from red faces, arms and hands which were believed to have been caused by a build up in static electricity. Temperature and humidity levels need to be maintained in order to avoid problems with the respiratory system and eyes due to excessive dryness or airborne dust. | |||||
CHE | EL,GA,AS,MA | SOLDERING | Soldering can result in the release of several toxic fumes and vapours, including lead, zinc and rosin. As well as fumes from the jointing materials, and the fluxes, fumes can arise from heat conveyed to products surrounding the joint as in circuit boards. The problems include SKIN IRRITATION which can lead to PERMANENT SENSITIVITY, and RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS including ASTHMA. | ||||
CHE | BU,PA,WD | PAINT CHEMICALS & PAINT FUMES | Modern paints are a cocktail of different chemicals and additives including; pigments, solvents, resins, hardeners,and driers. The risks for workers exposed to paint chemicals and fumes are very real. SKIN; exposure to paint and its ingredients can cause DERMATITIS. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM; the inhalation of paint fumes and vapours is linked to; damage to the nerves, kidneys, liver, and the upper respiratory tract including ASTHMA. | ||||
CHE | MA,BU | FORMALDEHYDE | Formaldehyde and its solutions are inflammable, and the vapours may form explosive concentrations in air. It is toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Exposure to low levels of formaldehyde causes irritation, especially of the eyes and respiratory tract. Asthmatic symptoms are reported after only low exposures; inflammatory and allergic dermatitis are also reported. As the concentration increases the symptoms increase, leading to burning of the eyes and nose, and increased difficulty with breathing. Ultimately this can lead to headache, palpitations, restricted chest and even death. Kidney injury may occur after excessive and repeated exposure. N.I.O.S.H.has recommended that formaldehyde be treated as a carcinogenic. | ||||
CHE | DR,BU,RD,GA,WA | FUMES: OILS,PETROL,DIESEL ETC | For people who drive for a living, exposure to the fumes of oils and petrols is an everyday hazard. The fumes from these products in an unheated situation are likely to be an irritation to the upper respiratory tract. When heated to decomposition ( when the engine is running) the risks become considerably increased. Inhalation of concentrated vapours of petrol can lead to headaches, nausea, etc. | ||||
CHE | PR,HO,HM,LB | PHOTOGRAPHIC CHEMICALS | A wide variety of chemicals are used in the industry. A number of strong acids and caustic materials may be encountered. The developer solutions are quite alkaline, and some hardening solutions or stabilisers may contain certain aldehydes such as formaldehyde. Risks include burns from the acids and caustic materials used; and skin and respiratory tract irritation from much of the work involved with photographic chemicals. These are the short-term risks - the long-term risks are not so clear. Formaldehyde, for example, is a suspected cancer causing agent, a severe skin and eye irritant, and frequent exposure can lead to hypersensitivity. It is also a moderate explosion hazard when exposed to heat or flame. ESTABLISH EXACTLY what it is that you are using, NOT ONLY the ingredients, but also the QUANTITY present in the mixture in order to establish a safe working practice, and to help treatment in the event of an over-exposure. | ||||
CHE,DUS | ME,MA,PR,EL | COBALT | Cobalt is a relatively rare metal. It is mostly obtained as a by-product during the processing of other metals, mainly copper, nickel and lead. It is used as a high temperature, high-strength alloy, often added to tool steel to improve its cutting qualities. Inhalation of cobalt fumes has an irritant effect on the respiratory system, eyes and the digestive tract. Cobalt dust inhalation has produced an ASTHMA-like complaint (hard- metal disease), and fibrotic pulmonary lesions. Workers exposed to cobalt risk allergic DERMATITIS. High exposures to cobalt have been linked to systemic poisoning and HEART disorders. Prevention of dust production or effective control at the point of production is the only realistic way to prevent exposure to cobalt dust. You should ESTABLISH EXACTLY the constituent parts of the metals being worked in order to prepare a safe working practice, and to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of workers who have been exposed. | ||||
CHE | EL,BU | FLUX, JOINTING COMPOUNDS | HARD soldering uses a rosin flux, and is common in the electronics industry. Hazards are caused by exposure to the flux which contains a resin called colophony. It is highly irritant to the skin and respiratory tract. It causes dermatitis, and asthma, once sensitised it only requires low levels of exposure to trigger a new attack. SOFT soldering uses solders with very low melting points e.g. lead, tin, antimony. Hazards may arise from either the solder or the flux and there are many variants of both. The most important thing is to ESTABLISH EXACTLY the constituent components of both, and consider the problems associated with each ingredient, and then consider the hazards associated with the interaction of the solder and flux (synergistic effect). See information on accident PREVENTION. | ||||
PHY | KNEELING | Kneeling for long periods can lead to serious problems. The onset of beat knee (housemaids knee), and damage to the bone joints causing arthritis are clearly linked to long periods of kneeling. | |||||
PHY | BU,ME,PA,FP,WA | CLIMBING | Any work which involves climbing has an inbuilt tendency to create problems for health and safety. Each year considerable numbers of accidents are caused by falls from height, or by being hit by a falling object. Workers who are required to climb as part of their job should ensure that they have both hands free to ensure safe ascent and descent. If it is necessary to carry tools, it is important to ensure that they do not obstruct the hands,arms or feet, and they are secure from falling or being dropped. | ||||
ENV,VDU | LI | FLUORESCENT LIGHTS | GLARE is the most common complaint. (See separate topic.) About a quarter of all people who work under fluorescent lights notice a GENERAL FLICKERING. Eye irritations, nausea and headaches may be caused by flickering. The FLICKERING can have a STROBOSCOPIC EFFECT whereby moving objects appear stationary, this can cause accidents. Workers using rotating machinery, such as lathes, need local lighting to prevent this happening. Fluorescent lights emit some ULTRAVIOLET (U.V.) RADIATION, the emission can increase as the tubes get older. Long term exposure to U.V. can cause skin and eye problems. Health hazards linked to exposure to fluorescent lighting include: increased stress, allergic skin reactions, headache, eye strain. Certain drugs (including some tranquilisers, antibiotics, heart drugs and diuretics) can make you particularly sensitive to U.V. radiation. | ||||
CHE | WD,AS,MA,BU,EL | ADHESIVES, GLUES | Adhesives often consist of chemicals mixed with SOLVENTS - when the adhesive is applied, the solvent evaporates, leaving a solid to form the bond. Main risk is from solvent fumes which are toxic; hazards range from headaches, dizziness to, with some solvents, risk of cancer. Handling risks can also include Dermatitis and other skin irritations. EPOXY RESINS are skin sensitisers, which expose users to a dermatitis risk. They may also cause skin cancers. It is especially important to remove any epoxy resin from the skin immediately on contact.When heated to decomposition, e.g. as in soldering, toxic fumes are emitted. When working with any adhesives good quality protective clothing is essential. | ||||
CHE | CL,FP,MA,ME,UT | AMMONIA | Ammonia solutions are irritating to the skin. Ammonia fumes irritate eyes, nose and throat. Medical attention may be needed in severe cases of exposure. See also ALKALIS. Threshhold Limit Value: 25 ppm. | ||||
DUS | OR | FD | SUGAR | Sugar dust is an irritant to the skin and can cause DERMATITIS. It is also highly flammable and a fire hazaed. | |||
ACC,INF | HO,TA,RU | SHARP NEEDLES/OTHER ITEMS | Needlestick injuries are skin punctures caused by sharp pointed instruments such as syringes. The actual risk of infection depends on: - whether the needle is infectious, and what is on the needle - how much material enters the bloodstream - how long since the needle was discarded - in the case of Hepatitis B, whether the injured person is immune. A needle attached to a syringe is likely to present a higher risk than a detached needle. Anyone likely to face the risk of needlestick injuries should see the Knowledge Bank information on accident PREVENTION. | ||||
DUS | OR | PR,OF | PAPER | Exposure to paper dust is an IRRITANT to the UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT. Much paper has been chemically treated, e.g. when its been printed upon, and so the hazard may be the chemical that has been used to print as well as/instead of the paper dust. | |||
ASB | ASBESTOS FIRES | Any release of asbestos dust into the atmosphere is a cause for concern, and a fire in a building, article or piece of equipment which contains asbestos has the potential for exposure to hazardous dust. Under certain conditions this dust may travel for long distances. Wetting of the dust will greatly minimise the risk of its travel but it is only a delaying tactic to give time to introduce proper removal procedures. Any inhaled asbestos dust has the potential to cause harm. However, most of the inhaled dust leaves the body via the gastrointestinal tract. ALL TYPES OF ASBESTOS DUSTS ARE DANGEROUS, AND ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR CANCERS AND LUNG DAMAGE. | |||||
ASB | AS | ASBESTOS LAGGING & LINING | Prevention of dust production, or its effective control at the site of its production is the only realistic way to prevent exposure to asbestos dust. Once it has escaped into the general atmosphere its elimination/control become expensive and ineffective. Asbestos lagging and lining is a skilful and dangerous job. Only a fully trained, properly protected workforce should do this work. All protective clothing, respiratory equipment and tools should be suitable for working with asbestos. ALL TYPES OF ASBESTOS DUST ARE DANGEROUS and can kill, cause cancer and lung damage, NO LEVEL OF EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS IS SAFE. Any inhaled asbestos dust has the potential for causing harm, although the majority of the inhaled dust leaves the body via the gastrointestinal tract. Any asbestos lagging/lining removal or installation should be done and the site cleared with no workers on site. Any damaged lagging/lining must be dealt with urgently. If you think that you may be exposed to asbestos see the Knowledge Bank information about hazard PREVENTION. | ||||
ASB | BU,ME | FO,ML,WE | ASBESTOS GLOVES | The use of asbestos gloves was quite common until a few years ago for workers in the steel industry and for workers such as welders who need to handle hot materials. NO LEVEL OF ASBESTOS EXPOSURE IS TOTALLY SAFE. The greatest risk is when the gloves are damaged allowing asbestos dust and/or fibres into the environment.LOOK FOR A SAFE SUBSTITUTE AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO ASBESTOS GLOVES. | |||
ASB | AS | STRIPPING ASBESTOS | Asbestos stripping by its very nature is bound to cause the release of potentially damaging asbestos dust. ALL ASBESTOS DUST IS DANGEROUS, it can kill, cause cancer and lung damage. NO EXPOSURE LEVEL IS SAFE, any inhaled asbestos dust has the potential to cause harm. Prevention of dust production or its effective control at the site of production are the only realistic safety measures. Once the dust is airborne in the general atmosphere its elimination and control are very difficult. Stripping asbestos is very dangerous and highly skilled work. Full training on the safe handling of asbestos is essential. This should include: the hazards of asbestos, the safe handling of asbestos, the selection and use of the correct protective equipment. If you think you may be exposed to asbestos see the Knowledge Bank information on hazard PREVENTION. | ||||
CHE | HO,LB | CHEMICALS IN HOSPITALS & LABS | Chemicals can be found anywhere in hospitals and laboratories. Boiler house, laundry, office, sterilisation, theatres, cleaning materials and detergents/disinfectants, gardens and ambulances are some examples. Symptoms that the people exposed most often complain of include nausea, loss of appetite, breathing problems, skin irritations, tiredness, nose and throat irritations, headaches, drowsiness and fatigue. More worrying and difficult to pin down are long term effects. Hazardous chemicals are not just in liquid form: they can be dusts, pastes, vapours, droplets, mists and powders. Many chemicals can also explode or catch fire easily. You should IDENTIFY EXACTLY the chemicals that you are exposed to, not only the ingredients but the QUANTITIES of the constituent parts. | ||||
CHE | CL,LD,MA,TA,HA | BLEACHES | Bleaching agents are substances or mixtures used to remove dyes or pigments. They exist in a material naturally or have been added by an industrial process. The hazards associated with these bleaching agents will vary according to the chemicals in the mixture. Bleaches often include chlorine, calcium hypochlorite, sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, sodium chlorate, sodium peroxide and potassium hypochlorite solution. Most bleaching agents are irritants to the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract. It is important to ESTABLISH EXACTLY the CONSTITUENTS of the bleach that you are, or may be, working with. Only then can you set up safe working practices and procedures for dealing with any exposures, see Knowledge Bank for information on hazard PREVENTION. NEVER mix bleaches with other chemicals unless you fully understand the consequences of the reaction of the two agents. | ||||
CHE | PA,MA,ME,FP,EL | CADMIUM | Exposure to cadmium and cadmium compounds mainly results from their use in paints; fungicides; metalplating; and silver soldering. Cadmium VAPOURS can cause headaches, sickness and dizziness. Long-term inhalation of cadmium can damage the lungs, and could lead to liver or kidney damage. IF YOU INHALE CADMIUM DUSTS OR VAPOURS ... - get away immediately and into fresh air. - rest, warmth and medical attention may be required in severe cases. AVOID CONTACT with cadmium substances - they may cause skin irritations. - wear protective clothing. - rinse and wash off any cadmium substances from the skin immediately. Threshhold Limit Vaue: 0.1mg/cu.m | ||||
CHE | MA,FP,ME,CL,TA | CHLORINE | Chlorine irritates eyes, nose and throat, can irritate or burn the skin, and cause inflammation of the lungs. If you can smell chlorine, it's above the safe limit. Threshold Limit Value: 1 ppm | ||||
CHE | ME,MA,PR,GA,TA | CHROME COMPOUNDS | CHROMATES, CHROMIC ACID and CHROMIUM TRIOXIDE are the commonest chromium compounds found in the workplace. They are irritant to the eyes, nose and throat,and are a known skin sensitizer causing dermatitis. Liquid or dust produced in processes which use chromium compounds can cause deep holes or ulcers if the substance gets into cracks in the skin - these take weeks to heal. Chrome ulceration is a prescribed and notifiable industrial disease: see LEGAL INFORMATION. Chromium compounds can also damage the liver, kidneys or nose. Chromates may also cause cancer. Good quality protective clothing is essential to protect your skin, and special care to avoid contact must be taken with even the slightest skin abrasions. If chromate compounds do come in contact with the skin, whether liquid or dust, wash off at once. Threshold limit value for chromates, chromic acid: 0.1mg/cu.m | ||||
CHE | MA | COAL DISTILLATES | Coal tar distillates may irritate the skin and respiritary tract and can cause skin cancer.When exposed to heat they may give off noxious fumes. | ||||
CHE | LB,UT,RU | INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT | With few exceptions industrial effluent contains pollutants. They may include cyanides, solvents, heavy metals or less dangerous substances. Workers who come into contact with effluent should ensure that they are aware of the contents of that effluent. | ||||
CHE | WD,BU,FP,PA | CREOSOTE | Creosote is primarily used as a wood preservative, although it is sometimes used as an animal dip or as a lubricant for die moulds. In contact with the skin it is an irritant. Long term problems are dependent upon the strength of the concentration and the length of time it is in contact with the skin. Fumes can cause irritation to the eyes, skin and mucous membranes. Ingestion should be treated seriously - it can lead to irritation of the gasrointestinal tract and cardiovascular collapse. Repeated or constant contact with the skin should be prevented by protective clothing. You should ESTABLISH EXACTLY the composition of the liquid being handled in order to set up safe working practices, and to assist in treatment of workers who have been made ill by exposure. | ||||
CHE | ME,FP,MA,LB,TA | CYANIDE | Cyanides are used in chemical manufacture, pesticides and herbicides, disinfectants and herbicides. They are also used widely in metalworking industries. They are highly toxic: fumes can cause dizziness and fainting, headache, sickness and stomach pains. Threshhold limit Value: 5mg/cu.m | ||||
CHE | ME,GA,MA,CL,FP | DEGREASERS, OVEN CLEANERS ETC | Many degreasers and oven cleaners are solvent based. As a rule the more effective they are, the stronger they are, and the more hazards they pose. Most products are respiratory and skin irritants so care should be taken to prevent contact with the skin, and inhalation of the fumes. | ||||
CHE | CL,HO,AN,FP,WE | DISINFECTANTS | The hazards associated with disinfectants will vary according to the composition of the disinfectant, the important thing is to find out the EXACT COMPOSITION of the ingredients and in WHAT QUANTITIES. In general the reactions will be to one of the constituents rather than the whole. The most common complaints are of SKIN and UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT IRRITATION caused by a reaction to an ingredient - such as the perfume added to give it a pleasant smell. | ||||
CHE | FP,ME | FERRIC CHLORIDE | Ferric chloride is a skin, eye and mucous membrane irritant. It reacts with water to produce toxic and corrosive fumes. It is moderately toxic by ingestion and when heated to decomposition it emits highly toxic fumes. One use is as a trace element added to animal foods. | ||||
CHE,DUS | GA | FILLER PASTE | Most fillers are reinforced with glass fibre or metal and consist of a thermosetting unsaturated polyester in a solvent (usually styrene) which is hardened by a catalyst. Mixing, applying and finishing such fillers generates TOXIC FUME AND DUST. The catalyst is often a CORROSIVE IRRITANT, and some catalysts are strong SKIN SENSITISERS CAUSING DERMATITIS. | ||||
CHE | FP,BU,RL | FUNGI & FUNGICIDES | Some fungi such as rusts, mildews, moulds, storage rots and seedling blights are able to infect and cause disease in plants, animals and humans. Others can attack and destroy non-living materials such as wood and fibre products. Chemicals called fungicides are applied to prevent these diseases. Fungicides are most commonly applied by spraying, dusting, impregnation or staining. The fungicides cover a great variety of chemical compounds differing wildly in their toxicity. It is best to treat all fungicides as dangerous unless it is known otherwise. It is important to ESTABLISH EXACTLY what the ingredients of the fungicide are, and in WHAT QUANTITY they are present. Only then can you set up a safe working practice, and be able to help with diagnosis and treatment in the event of an exposure. | ||||
CHE | ME,MA | SALTS, SALT BATHS | Most salts are CORROSIVE causing BURNS. Some salts may explode if they come into contact with other salts. Moisture is also dangerous since it can cause spitting and eruptions. Most salts are IRRITANTS to the RESPIRATORY TRACT, EYES and SKIN, some are corrosive and VERY DANGEROUS. Some salts are toxic and linked with SYSTEMIC POISONING and LIVER DAMAGE. | ||||
CHE | PA,EL,BU,ME | ISOCYANATES | Isocyanates are irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. The skin conditions range from localised itching to more or less widespread eczema. Eye infections are less common, though runny eyes are reported. The commonest and most serious troubles are those affecting the respiratory system varying from mild attacks to acute attacks accompanied by a sudden loss of consciousness. ASTHMA is linked with exposure to isocyanates. The hazards associated with the different isocyanates are different, it is important to ESTABLISH EXACTLY WHICH ISOCYANATE YOU ARE WORKING WITH. Without this information you cannot set up a safe system of working , detect early symptoms of exposure or help with diagnosis following any exposure. | ||||
CHE | RU | LANDFILL | The process of tipping waste products to create a landfill site can create hazards. The waste may contain harmful products. When left for a period gases such as methane may develop. | ||||
CHE | WE,HM | GASES | The common gases that will be met in the workplace are: a) Upper respiratory irritants- i.e. ammonia, sulphur dioxide. b) Lung irritants- i.e. chlorine, nitrogen oxide. c) Asphyxiants- i.e. nitrogen, methane. e) Other gases- i.e. hydrogen sulphide, arsine. The three principle sites of entry into the body are: the respiratory system, the digestive system and the skin. Gases can cause ACUTE or CHRONIC poisoning: Acute - due to massive exposure, symptoms are grave and severe. Symptoms can include: headaches, sickness, vomitting, anxiety and cyanosis (bluish discolouration of the skin). Chronic- long exposure to lower levels of exposure, effects are long term. Symptoms can include: irritant bronchitis,irritation to the eyes, irritation to the respiratory tract leading (in some cases)to asthma. | ||||
CHE | DR,GA | PARAFFIN, PETROL, DIESEL | Exposure to paraffin, petrol and diesel are a hazard to the skin and the respiratory tract. SKIN; paraffin, petrol and diesel can cause skin problems such as DERMATITIS. FUMES; the fumes are an IRRITANT to the UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT. When heated to decomposition the risks associated to exposure are increased. | ||||
CHE | PA,WD | METHYLATED SPIRIT | Over-exposure to methylated spirits can cause irritation of the mucous membrane, headache, vertigo, vision problems, nausea, vomiting, constipation and a feeling of intoxication. Skin problems can occur following repeated exposure due to the irritant and solvent action of methyl alcohol. In severe cases optic nerve damage can occur and the breathing and cardiovascular functions are depressed. | ||||
CHE | ME | NITRITES | Nitrites, nitrates, and nitrous gases if inhaled, for example when welding without local exhaust extraction, can have an effect on the blood. | ||||
CHE | FP,AN,RU | PESTICIDES | All pesticides should be treated as poisonous. The hazard may come from the pesticide itself, or from the carrying agent (often a SOLVENT such as XYLENE or TOLUENE). Skin problems such as DERMATITIS are linked to pesticides. CANCERS, ASTHMA, LIVER DAMAGE, EPILEPSY,BIRTH DEFECTS,NERVOUS SYSTEM DAMAGE and MEMORY PROBLEMS are all linked to exposure to pesticides. | ||||
CHE | CL,ME,GA,WD | POLISHES & VARNISHES | Polishes and varnishes can be IRRITANTS to the UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT to the people using them, or to people working nearby. If used in aerosol form the propellant (often BUTANE) can be as irritating as the contents. They are also fire hazards. | ||||
CHE,DUS | WD,MA,AS,MC | RESINS | Some resins are known to be skin irritants. DERMATITIS has been recorded in workers exposed to Japanese/Chinese laquer, rosin, colophony and wood resin from coniferous trees. The degree of hazard can vary from an irritant SKIN RASH to ALLERGIC DERMATITIS. Resins are flammable and when exposed to heat can emit acrid smoke and irritating fumes. | ||||
CHE | MA,GA,LB | RUBBER & RUBBER PRODUCTS | Health hazards come from many chemicals used, including: ANTIOXIDANTS: irritant to the skin, and some are linked with cancer and liver damage. ACCELERATORS, ACTIVATORS: irritant to the skin, eyes and respiratory tract. Lead oxide can lead to chronic poisoning, reproduction problems and affects blood formation. ANTITACK AGENTS: linked to reduced lung efficiency, certain types are linked with pneumoconiosis, bronchitis or talcosis. BONDING AGENTS: irritant to eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Aldehydes are strong irritants, can cause burns on contact, skin allergies may develop. FILLERS: usually carbon black, there is dispute about its toxicity. Possible links with heart disease and leukemia. RETARDERS: retarders containing nitrosamines, especially when combined with other chemicals, is reported to be linked with liver, kidney and respiratory cancers. SOLVENTS: see separate topic. | ||||
CHE | HO,LB | STERILISING LIQUIDS | Some sterilising liquids contain chemicals that are irritants to the respiratory tract and skin. This can lead to ASTHMA and DERMATITIS. | ||||
CHE | ME,GA,MA | CUTTING FLUIDS | Cutting machines use a hardened tool, for instance to drill, mill, grind, bore, plane or shape. These operations generate a lot of heat and the oil industry has produced a whole range of cutting/lubricating fluids to reduce that heat and as a consequence extend tool life and speed up the process. MISTS AND SPRAYS are created by the cutting fluid being introduced to the moving machinery. This mist is an irritant to the respiratory tract and can cause asthma.This irritation may be as a result of the composition of the cutting fluid, or because of the fluid becoming infected because it has not been regularly changed. SKIN CONTACT can be caused by splashes from the machine or by workers keeping oily rags in their pockets. This contact can cause dermatitis, oil acne or skin cancers such as cancer of the scrotum. It is important to remember that the hazards and risks associated with cutting fluids will be increased by any ADDITIVES - such as biocides - which they may contain. | ||||
CHE,DUS | ME | TITANIUM | Titanium dust can be an upper respiratory tract irritant. Long-term exposure can lead to changes in the lung showing in x-rays as similar to slight silicosis; and to cardiac changes. Workers who have been chronically exposed to titanium dust show a high incidence of chronic brochitis. Airborne metallic titanium dust is explosive. | ||||
CHE,DUS | ME | TUNGSTEN CARBIDE | Tungsten dust itself does not appear to present a major heath hazard. It is from mixing with other alloys as in tungsten carbide that hazards arise, rather than from the tungsten itself. Exposure to airborne tungsten carbide dust has led to frequent complaints of breathlessness among production workers. Emphysema/bronchitis type changes in the lungs have been found and are commonly referred to as HARD METAL DISEASE. | ||||
DUS | MI | ME,CL | BUFFING COMPOUNDS | Any dust can be an irritant to the skin or respiratory system. Care should be taken to prevent unnecessary breathing in of dust. | |||
DUS | OR | PR,MA,WA | CARDBOARD, PAPER DUST | Cardboard and paper dust can be an upper respiratory tract irritant. This irritation can be made worse if the paper or cardboard has been chemically treated. It is important to find out EXACTLY WHAT IT IS THAT YOU ARE BREATHING IN. | |||
DUS,CHE | MI | ME,GA,MA,AS | METAL DUST | Inhaling metal dust is the most common way that metals enter the body. They may damage the lungs and/or pass directly into the bloodstream and be carried to other organs such as the brain, bones and kidneys. Different metal dusts create different hazards, for instance: - mercury: brain, nervous system and birth defects - chrome and nickel: lung and other cancers - cadmium: kidney disorders - cobalt/tungsten,mercury,chromium, beryllium, cadmium: lung disorders - lead: reproductive problems. It is important to find out EXACTLY WHAT IT IS THAT YOU ARE BREATHING IN and the QUANTITIES OF EACH CONSTITUENT in order to set up a safe working system. See Knowledge Bank information for accident PREVENTION. | |||
DUS | MI | GA,PA | CATALOY PASTE | Cataloy paste and other fillers are used in the motor vehicle trade to fill in dents and repair cracks in the bodywork. The product normally consists of the bulk filler and a small tube of hardener which is only mixed shortly prior to use. The fumes can be a respiratory irritant. When set the filler often needs rubbing down to achieve a smooth finish prior to painting. The dust can be both a respiratory irritant and a skin irritant. | |||
DUS | MI | MI,ED | CHALK | The absorption of chalk (calcium carbonate) in the work environment does not pose a health hazard if used in its natural state. If the chalk is treated with dyes to change its colour then hazards associated with the dye used need to be considered. | |||
DUS | MI | BU,MI,FP,RD | CLAY | The name clay applies to a large class of minerals, differing considerably in composition. The basis of all clays is aluminium silicate. The greatest health hazards will be associated with trace elements in the clay, or elements that have leached into the soil such as chemicals or gases. | |||
DUS,CHE | MI | MI,ME | SM | COKE, COKING PROCESSES | Coking plants are dangerous places. Red hot coals, heavy machinery, vats of tar spell danger, but DUST, SMOKE, FUMES and CHEMICALS are far more insidious. Coke oven workers have an above average tendency to develop LUNG PROBLEMS such as bronchitis, and certain types of CANCER. The coking process creates many by-products which can be very harmful, for example, benzene. PITCH and TAR have an irritant action on the skin and respiratory system and are carcinogenic. | ||
CHE,DUS | MI | ME | FURANE SANDS/FURFURYL ALCOHOL | Furfuryl alcohol-formaldehyde resin ("furane sand") is used for binding foundry core sand. The vapours are a strong irritant to the skin and mucous membranes of thr eyes and respiratory tract. Symptoms include; headache, fatigue, loss of sense of taste, numbness of the tongue, tremors and dizzyness. Irritant dermatitis and the accumalation of fluid on the lung is linked with exposure to the vapours. | |||
DUS | MI | MA | GLASS | Silica is an essential constituent of common glass. The inhalation of silica dust gives rise to silicosis, the most important form of pneumoconiosis. The higher the concentration to which the worker is exposed, and the longer the exposure, the greater is the risk of developing silicosis. No early symptoms are noticeable, the first reported problem is usually breathlessnes upon exertion. There is also much variation in individual susceptibility among workers. It is moderately toxic as an acute irritant dust. | |||
DUS | MI | ME,BU, | FO,ML,WE | GRAPHITE | The only major health risk caused by exposure to graphite dust is GRAPHITOSIS - a disabling disease of the lungs. Some workers report symptoms of headaches, coughing, depression, low appetite and black spit. Others remain symptom-free until they begin spitting up graphite and becoming disabled. There is evidence that some workers are more susceptible than others, so normal rules of length of exposure do not apply. Leaving the industry for non-dusty jobs has not prevented the onset of the disease. | ||
DUS | MI | SA | HANDLING COINS | Handling coins (and notes) is routinely done by many thousands of workers daily with little or no ill effects. The greatest risk is of handling some coin, or note, that has become infected at some stage of its life. Good hygiene is the best protection. Avoid licking fingers when counting, wash hands before smoking or eating. | |||
DUS,CHE | OR | HA,AN,FP,HO | HUMAN AND ANIMAL HAIR | Workers who handle human or animal hair run the risk of infections that may be carried on the hair. Anthrax, ringworm, glanders, ASTHMA,are examples of diseases that can be transmitted by exposure to contaminated hair or hide. Exposure should be kept to a minimum, good exhaust extraction should be fitted, and the hair/skin/hide should be kept as clean as possible. | |||
DUS | MI | BU,RD,MI,ME | LIMESTONE | Limestone is used in the building industry, used as a flux in smelting, as hardcore or ballast, and mixed with clay for the manufacture of cement. Exposure to the dust of LIMESTONE ITSELF entails little risk - the main health hazard is associated with the impurities that it may contain including silica. It is important to find out EXACTLY WHAT IT IS THAT YOU ARE BREATHING IN and in WHAT QUANTITIES. Workers dressing stone should observe the measures appropriate to the stone industry. | |||
DUS | MI | MA,ME,GA | FO,ML,WE | MANGANESE AND COMPOUNDS | Manganese particles if tiny enough can eventually be absorbed into the blood. Chronic poisoning can present in two forms: nervous and pulmonary. NERVOUS FORM: early symptoms include loss of appetite, headache, vertigo, apathy and behavioural disorders. Later stages affect speech, gait and mood. PULMONARY FORM: it is believed that the lung problems are of a viral type, and respond well to antibiotics. If the problems are identified in the early stages and the worker removed from further exposure then recovery is usually expected. | ||
DUS | OR | ME,MC | AW,BP | PEARL, HORN, IVORY | The inhalation of airborne dust from grinding or other manufacturing processes can be a respiratory irritant, lead to ASTHMA and an increase of diseases of the respiratory system. The direct action of the dust on the skin and mucous membranes may produce irritation that causes rhinitis (runny nose) or conjunctivitis. | ||
DUS | MI | BU,AS | POLYSTYRENE | Workers often use the term polystyrene mistakenly, using it to refer to a range of different (if similar) products. In general, styrene products have some common hazards. It is highly flammable, and when HEATED TO DECOMPOSITION it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes. Mildly toxic by inhalation, or absorption through the skin. It is an irritant to eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Reproductive problems and cancer are linked to exposure to some styrenes. | |||
DUS,INF | OR | RU,UT | REFUSE | Refuse may contain any number of risks to the health of workers who may be exposed. Problems with the skin and respiratory tract can arise from the contact with contaminated rubbish. Sharp objects may be hidden in the refuse and not be apparent until it causes a cut or stick injury. Refuse, if left to decompose, can produce harmful gas such as methane. | |||
DUS,CHE | MI | SHOT FIRING / BLASTING | The risks from blasting and firing can be seperated into two categories; EXPLOSIVES; the use of explosives is a risky operation. Hazards arise from, faulty storage,faulty/incorrect wiring systems, careless handling, premature detonation, failure to establish a no-entry area suitable for the operation. THE OPERATION; blasting is often linked to a lot of drilling, exposing workers to DUST and VIBRATION. Returning to work after the blast will expose workers to DUST and FUMES resulting from the explosion. | ||||
DUS,CHE | MI | ME,EL,PR | SILVER, SILVER PRODUCTS | Inhalation of silver dust can lead to changes in the skin colour. The face, fore-arm, neck and arms develop a slatey- grey colour varying in depth depending on the degree of exposure. The fingernails can become a deep chocolate brown colour. Where workers drill, hammer, engrave, polish or otherwise work with silver products the skin can show areas where small particles have penetrated the skin surface and left areas marked similar to a tattoo. | |||
DUS | UT,SE,ME | VANADIUM IN SOOT | Exposure to vanadium in the soot of oil-fired boilers can cause irritation of the respiratory tract, the symptoms include dry cough, tight chest, pain in the chest and palpitations on exercise. The symptoms last for several months after removal from exposure to the dust. | ||||
DUS | MI | VERMICULITE | Exposure to vermiculite dust can cause irritation to the respiratory tract. After many years exposure the lungs may develop a form of PNEUMOCONIOSIS. | ||||
DUS,CHE | OR | FD,LD,HO | STARCH | Starch dust in itself is not generally regarded as a health hazard, although it may aggravate some lung conditions such as emphysema. Some starch products have been responsible for causing DERMATITIS among workers. | |||
DUS | TA,PR | XYLONITE/CELLULOID | An irritant to the eyes, nose and respiratory tract. Symptoms of exposure include: headache, fatigue and drowsiness. Very flammable and a severe fire hazard. | ||||
DUS | EL,ME,MA | ZINC | Zinc dust is an irritant to the respiratory system causing cough,sickness and sweating. It is relatively non-toxic to humans by inhalation, but it is a skin irritant. | ||||
CHE | PH | HO,LB | CHEMICAL FUMES | The risks to health can come through inhalation of the fumes. In high concentrations they can lead to dizziness, vomiting and light-headedness. The long-term effects can be damage to the nerves, kidneys, liver and upper respiratory tract including asthma. The most important thing is to establish EXACTLY what the ingredients are, and in WHAT QUANTITIES. | |||
CHE | MI,FD | CIGARETTE SMOKE | At present smoking is responsible for about 100,000 deaths in Britain yearly - 15-20% of all deaths. Cancer risks include cancer of the mouth, throat, gullet, bladder, pancreas, kidney and cervix as well as the lungs. Nicotine and carbon monoxide are the main causes of coronary heart disease and circulatory diseases. Nicotine increases the workload of the heart, while carbon monoxide reduces the supply of oxygen to the heart. Cigarette smoking is responsible for 9 out of 10 deaths caused by chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Inhaling tobacco smoke and fumes can also increase the effect of other hazards. For example coal dust and cigarette smoke increases the risk of airways disease, asbestos dust exposure and cigarette smoke greatly increases the probability of lung cancer. | ||||
CHE | FD,HO | FUMES: COOKING/FOOD PREP | Because of the very nature of the cooking/preparation process high temperatures and humidity are not unusual in food preparation areas. Both can affect the comfort and health of the exposed staff. The increased use of chemicals in food growing also carries a potential risk to the people who prepare and cook the product. Upper respiratory tract complaints are the most likely hazards, and it is important to establish EXACTLY what is being handled. Heated cling-film type products can emit fumes which are linked to asthma. | ||||
CHE | HA,HM | HAIRDRESSING CHEMICALS | The main hazards of hairdressing are from the liquids used in hair cleaning, perming, dyeing and bleaching. SKIN PROBLEMS: up to two thirds of hairdressers have suffered from dermatitis at some stage of their work. The most common area affected is the skin between the fingers. Workers can develop an allergy to the ingredients so that it only requires a very short exposure to trigger the dermatitis. The reaction is often to just one ingredient, so changing to another shampoo or perm solution may ease the problem. SKIN CONTACT WITH DYES SHOULD BE KEPT TO A MINIMUM. RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS such as allergenic asthma and hypersensitivity pneumonitis (an allergic reaction which seems like pneumonia) can also affect hairdressers. These are linked to certain types of dyes and hairsprays. | ||||
CHE | PA,BU | LEAD | Lead is probably the most widely used nerve poison in the industrial world. The early signs of less severe lead poisoning are: irritability, fatigue, mood changes and loss of concentration. A severe case of lead poisoning causes abdominal pain, constipation, fatigue and weakness. | ||||
ENV | VE | SICK BUILDING SYNDROME | The quality of the indoor air that your body is exposed to can affect your health. If the air is too dry, moist, hot or cold, or is polluted you may experience symptoms such as: dry/ itchy eyes, runny/ stuffy nose, dry throat/ cough, headaches, nausea, skin rashes or mental fatigue. It is believed that AIR QUALITY plays a large part in the syndrome. | ||||
CHE,DUS | RU,BU,UT,SD,CL | ASHES, SMOKE & SOOT | Exposure to the products caused by a fire will at best be an irritant to the respiratory system. Other hazards may arise dependent upon the articles that have been heated by being exposed to the fire. MANY CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES BECOME MORE DANGEROUS WHEN EXPOSED TO HEAT, and the fumes that are created should be avoided. | ||||
CHE,DUS | ME | STEEL & STAINLESS STEEL | Steel and stainless steel dusts are irritants to the respiratory system and can pose long term heart and lung problems. Some metal dusts are sensitisers and can cause asthma. | ||||
STR,HRS,ACC | INSUFFICIENT BREAKS | Insufficient, or inadequate, breaks can lead to a variety of problems. Much of todays work is of a repetitive nature, and regular breaks from this repetitive routine can prevent the onset of OVERUSE INJURIES. Reductions in staffing levels and the consequential pressure not to take breaks increases STRESS LEVELS. ACCIDENT RATES are linked to concentration and fatigue, regular breaks are the best method to control this. | |||||
STR,HRS | CASUAL WORK | Casual work can pose problems for health and safety. If the worker is wanting a full time job it can lead to the taking of shortcuts or risks in an attempt to impress. There is a possibility that being a casual worker may mean that safety training, familiarity with the job, and any changes to the work are missed. Desire for full time employment and the inability to achieve it can lead to stress. Some strain injuries are more likely when returning to work after a break. | |||||
STR | CHANGING JOB DESCRIPTIONS | Changing job descriptions can lead to a feeling of insecurity. This can become a source of stress. | |||||
ENV | TE | AN,BU,FP,RD,RU | DAMP | Repeated working in a damp/wet environment can cause ill health. This is made worse if it is also cold. The skin and the respiratory tract can be affected. Suitable protective clothing should be provided, regular breaks in a warm environment, and changes of clothing for dry ones when required. | |||
STR,ACC | DR | DANGEROUS VEHICLE MAINTENANCE | Incorrectly/inadequately maintained vehicles are at greater risk of being involved in an accident. | ||||
ENV | TE | WA,HM | HEAT | Too much heat at work can cause fatigue, extra strain on the heart and lungs, dizzyness and fainting, or heat cramps due to the loss of water and salts through excessive sweating. Hot dry air can increase the risk of eye and throat infections. Above a blood temperature of 102 degrees F there is a risk of heat stroke. Collapse can occur above 106degrees F with symptoms of delirium and confusion. This condition can prove fatal and survivors may suffer from brain/kidney/liver/heart damage. Tiredness and loss of concentration can lead to increased accident risks.Workers exposed to high temperatures may develop eye cataracts. | |||
ENV | VE | DR,AS | CONFINED SPACE | The work being done in the confined space can make the space dangerous. Examples are: painting work, applying adhesives or using solvent based cleaning agents. These can create dangerous amounts of solvent vapour. Short-term hazards could include dizzyness, impaired judgment and serious fire risk. Some confined spaces may be hazardous themselves. Dangerous gases can collect, examples are: rotting vegetation, rusting of metalwork and similar natural processes may consume so much oxygen that there is not enough left to breathe, poisonous or flammable gases can collect in manholes etc in contaminated ground eg old gasworks or old refuse tips. | |||
ENV | VE | NO EXTRACTION | The provision of suitable extraction is a basic need for many situations. Many dusts, fumes and vapours can be controlled by the provision and use of suitable local exhaust ventilation. Failure to supply and maintain a suitable supply of clean air can lead to RESPIRATORY and SKIN complaints arising. | ||||
PHY | BU,FP,ME,MI,RD | SHOVELLING, DIGGING | Regular prolonged periods of shovelling/digging can cause problems for a workers health. BEAT HAND is caused by the repeated friction between the shovel and the hand tissues, infection causes swelling and may spread across the hand. A second area of concern arises from the need to grip the shovel tightly, and then apply pressure to load, lift, and deliver the material being handled, this can lead to problems affecting the muscles, tendons and joints of the hand, arm, shoulders, back, spine and legs. | ||||
ENV | NO HEATING | Working in a cold environment can lead to problems. MUSCULAR STRAINS are more likely to occur. Loss of concentration due to a cold workplace can lead to a higher ACCIDENT RATE. | |||||
STR,ACC | NO TRAINING | Lack of training can lead to a feeling of inadequacy or incapability,this may cause STRESS. Training is also necessary to establish a safe system of working, and thus keep down ACCIDENT RATES and the incidence of ILL HEALTH related to work. | |||||
WKS | SITTING | If work can be designed so that sitting is possible instead of standing for long periods it should be done. However problems will arise if not enough care goes into the design of the workstation. Ergonomic problems of reaching, twisting, lifting etc. need to be considered, if this is not done musculoskeletal problems will arise, e.g. varicose veins, circulation problems or spinal damage. Sitting for long periods can in itself pose problems, especially if the seating is ill designed for the person using it. Pressure on the soft tissue of the thighs can interfere with circulation and lead to the onset of problems such as haemorrhoids. Poor postural seating habits can lead to permanent postural abnormalities, often accompanied by tissue changes and pain. | |||||
ACC,STR | SPEED OF WORK | The speed of work should be dictated by the worker, not by a machine, unrealistic production targets, competition with other workers or fear for their job security. Loss by the worker of genuine control over the pace of work can lead to a higher accident rate and increased ill-health. Increased pace of work can lead to workers concentrating on the single task rather than being aware of the total environment in which they are working.It can also lead to the taking of "short-cuts" or risks in an attempt to maintain a fast rate of work. Research has shown that both these sets of circumstances can lead to a higher accident rate. Increased pace of work can lead to high levels of STRESS in workers as they continuously strive to maintain high levels of work-rate. Stress is responsible for a large portion of ill-health absence from work. It can lead to SHORT-TERM problems such as headaches, indigestion, irritability, impotence, eye problems, exhaustion and low self-esteem, it can also lead to more accidents. LONG-TERM problems include; circulatory disorders, heart attack, angina, stroke or high blood pressure. It has been estimated that 13% of all circulatory diseases are work-related. | |||||
ENV | VE | STUFFY | A stuffy environment means that the air circulation is inadequate. This may lead to an increase in respiratory problems such as Sick Building Syndrome where several people develop flu like symptoms. | ||||
ENV | TE | AN,BU,FP,RD,FD | WORKING IN WATER | The immersion of feet in cold water over an extended period, or the wearing of wet footwear in cold weather can cause what is known as immersion foot or damp foot. The accumalation of fluid in tissues causes swelling, tingling, itching and severe pain, followed by blistering and ulceration. When the foot heals it os more sensitive to cold and the pain may last for years. | |||
ENV | TE | BU,FP,PA,RD,RL | WEATHER: EXPOSURE TO | Working outdoors can have a serious effect on the skin. Cold weather can cause problems such as chilblains and chapped hands. Working in the wind increases the effect and can lead to frostbite and hypothermia. Working with unprotected skin in the summer is linked to the development of skin cancer. Research suggests a link between working in cold temperatures and lung disease and sinus irritation. | |||
RSI | AS,EL,TA | WINDING | Any job that requires regular repetitive hand/arm movements such as winding is at risk of developing a repetitive strain injury. Early symptoms include pins and needles, numbness, pain and stifness which go away when allowed to rest.If repeated the symptoms take longer to disappear and eventually may become progressively crippling and permanent. | ||||
NOI, VIB | BU,RD | COMPRESSORS | Compressors can be very noisy and repeated work near a compressor can lead to NOISE INDUCED HEARING LOSS (NIHL). This DEAFNESS can be PERMANENT and the solution is to use a quieter compressor, locate the compressor away from the place of work, are wear hearing protection. The deafness from noise exposure is often accompanied by TINNITUS, disturbing noises such as ringing, buzzing or whistling, this also becomes permanent. Another hazard associated with compressors is the use of vibratory tools. Hand-held vibratory tools used regularly can permanently damage the blood vessels supplying the hand. This may lead to a condition called VIBRATION INDUCED WHITE FINGER (VWF). This condition is PERMANENT and PROGRESSIVE. The symptoms include; numbness in the fingers, pins and needles,hands becoming progressively whiter from the fingertips upwards.In the later stages this can lead to the inability to handle small objects, and to perform simple tasks such as fasten a button. | ||||
NOI | OF | OFFICE NOISE:PRINTER,PHONE ETC | All UNWANTED SOUND is an irritant and a problem. This is especially true when it is necessary to concentrate and the noise prevents this. The volume of noise is not the important thing, it is the way in which it prevents concentration. Research has established that the human voice is very difficult for another person to ignore, and so it is a big problem. Inability to establish the silence necessary to do ones job can lead to STRESS and the health problems that are linked to stress. | ||||
NOI | OF | MACHINERY/PLANT | Machinery and plant are inherently noisy and will cause problems for workers who are exposed to the noise. If the noise is loud enough and/or the exposure long enough all workers will have their hearing damaged. Each relatively small increase in noise levels means it will take less time to cause the same damage. At 99dBa for 1 hour the same amount of damage is done as 90dBa for 8 hours. As well as destroying hearing ability, exposure to noise can cause tinnitus (noises in the ear), increase accident rates due to workers inability to hear sounds warning of danger, cause stress, and increased blood pressure with all the problems for health that are associated with that. | ||||
INF | HU | HO,LB,AN,CL, | BLOOD/BODY FLUIDS | Exposure to blood and body fluids creates the possibility that any infection that exists in the blood or body fluid may be transmitted to the exposed person. The infection that is transmitted could be a relatively minor one,or one with serious consequences such as Hepatitis B or AIDS. A safe working practice should be established and maintained in any work situation that requires regular exposure to blood or body fluids. Your job may expose you to the risk of acquiring infections. Hepatitis B, AIDS, tuberculosis and certain strains of meningitis are among those which have caused particular concern. HEPATITIS B Infection with hepatitis B can only occur if the virus enters your blood stream. Contamination with the virus most commonly occurs from a 'sharps' injury, but it may also occur through a cut or abrasion if contact is made with infected blood, blood products, or sometimes other bodily fluids. AIDS: ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME AIDS is a very serious condition for which there is still no cure. Infection with AIDS occurs by same route as hepatitis B. Unlike hepatitis B, AIDS is not a prescribed industrial disease. | |||
STR,VIO | FD,AS | DANGER OF BURGLARY/ATTACK | Everybody is open to the threat of burglary/attack at home or at work, this section addresses the problems associated with work. An attack can be; VERBAL ABUSE and THREATS RUDE GESTURES and INNUENDOS HARASSMENT of whatever kind. Even where no physical injury results people can still suffer emotional stress and ill health. The effects of PHYSICAL VIOLENCE can be serious injury or even death. The PSYCHOLOGICAL effects can be lasting distress and disablement. Fear, anxiety, depression, insomnia, loss of confidence and concentration frequently occur, and may last for quite a long time. | ||||
ACC | FD,GA,ME,MA | HOT LIQUIDS | Hot liquid burns account for a high percentage of all burns victims treated at hospital. The severity of the injury is dependent upon the area of the body affected, the depth to which the injury penetrates and the toxicity of the burn agent. The temperature of the hot liquid will affect the extent of penetration. Knowledge of the hot liquid being handled is important in order to establish the necessary safe procedures to adopt, and to facilitate the correct treatment for any accident victim. The knowledge should include; the temperature of the liquid, its composition, any hazards posed by fumes or contact, what protective equipment is necessary (including gloves, aprons, boots, face-shields, respiratory equipment), first-aid procedure and if necessary evacuation procedure. Absorbent clothing is a serious risk as this will tend to hold the hot liquid against the body. | ||||
INF,ACC | ZO | INSECT BITES | Insects are a hazard either because they BITE you, or because they CONTAMINATE FOOD with disease, or because they CAUSE ALLERGIES. Insect bites are often just a nuisance, but they can be serious, and in rare cases fatal. They can carry DISEASES ranging from salmonella to typhoid. They can cause allergies including DERMATITIS and ASTHMA. Symptoms similar to insect bites can be caused by STATIC ELECTRICITY; carpets and V.D.U. work can give a small "shock" leaving an irritable rash like a bite. Heavy-duty CARPETS shed invisible small spikes which "sting" you. | ||||
ENV | VE | DR,MI | MOBILE GAS HEATERS | When gas does not burn properly, excess carbon monoxide is produced. You cannot see or smell carbon monoxide. The early symptoms of poisoning include: tiredness, drowsiness, headache, pains in the chest and stomach pains.Most mobile heaters are fuelled by a cylinder filled with compressed gas.Incorrect connection of the supply can lead to leaks of the gas from the cylinder. Leaks of gas which are heavier than air can lead to the collection of a pocket of gas at a low level, this is at risk of igniting on exposure to a flame. It is also dangerous as an asphyxiant if a person is exposed to the concentration of leaked gas. | |||
CHE | FP,AN,BU,RU,RD | SOIL | Soil may be polluted by any one of a number of routes, landfilling may contain toxics, fertilisers,fungicides, insecticides, sewage, organic elements, animal excretions etc. They can cause problems with the skin, respiratory system and mucous membranes dependent upon the type of pollution. | ||||
RAD | IO | WE,HM | RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL | Radioactive materials have the property of emitting ionising radiation. Depending on their nature radioactive materials may in particular emit one or more of three types of radiation.Known respectively as alpha, beta and gamma rays.When not properly handled they are fraught with risks of irradiation and contamination.Their radiations are capable of penetrating matter to varying degrees, but are not perceptible by human senses.Transport and storage of radioactive materials is subject to safety regulations.TISSUE DAMAGE and a higher risk of developing CANCER can arise from exposure to radioactive materials. | |||
STR | DR | DRIVING | As well as the ever present risk of an accident resulting in physical injury, driving is becoming increasingly stressful. One reason for the stress is that the driver is very rarely able to control the factors that are causing the problem. Payment by result systems, unrealistic delivery times, fear of job loss due to competition, all contribute to the pressures that lead to stress and its consequential ill health. Symptoms can include headaches, tiredness, anger, apathy, loss of appetite, increased use of stimulants such as alcohol and cigarettes. | ||||
STR | LACK OF RESOURCES | Lack of adequate resources can lead to the work becoming STRESSFUL and unsatisfying. | |||||
STR | NEW SYSTEMS | The introduction of new systems of work can cause STRESS. It is also likely to be a period where mistakes happen more often, and this can lead to an increase in the accident rate. | |||||
STR,HRS | SPEED/RATE OF WORK | The speed of work should be dictated by the worker, and not by the need to meet production targets linked to financial rewards.Loss of control over the pace of work can lead to a higher accident rate and increased ill-health. ACCIDENTS; increased pace of work can lead to workers concentrating on the single task rather than being aware of the total environment in which they are working, it can also lead to the taking of short cuts. Research has shown that this can lead to an increase in the accident rate. STRESS; increased work rates can cause stress, and stress is responsible for much absenteeism. Short-term problems include headaches, indigestion, irritability, fatigue and low self esteem. Long-term problems include circulatory diseases, heart attacks, strokes and increased blood pressure. | |||||
STR | POOR PAY | Poor pay can lead to stress. It may also lead to other problems, especially if related to performance related pay schemes. This could be responsible for taking chances, or short cuts in an effort to earn more money. Increased work rates could then cause health problems associated with the pace of work such as repetitive strain injuries, or increased accident rates. | |||||
STR,HRS | PRESSURE OF WORK | Work levels that are unattainable can lead to health problems such as stress. It can lead to a feeling of incapability, and the need to work harder or longer in an effort to catch up. This may cause problems such as an increased accident rate, fatigue, headaches, circulation problems such as increased blood pressure. | |||||
STR | AS,FD,ME,MS,MA | QUALITY CONTROL | Working to fine limits can lead to the onset of stress related problems. Short term symptoms may include headaches, tiredness, irritability and loss of appetite. Long term problems may include increased blood pressure and circulatory problems. | ||||
STR | RESPONSIBILITY | Workplace responsibility can lead to some people developing stress related problems. Symptoms may include headaches, fatigue, irritability, and circulatory problems. | |||||
STR | SHORTSTAFFED | Working with inadequate staffing levels can lead to an increase in accidents and ill health. It can lead to taking short cuts, taking chances, and attempting to do tasks individually that would normally be done by more than one person. It may lead to the onset of stress related problems, early symptoms include headaches, tiredness, irritability, indigestion, and loss of appetite. Long term problems include ciculatory problems associated with increased blood pressure. | |||||
STR | WORKPLACE MOVES | Workplace moves, especially without proper consultation, can lead to lack of confidence and self esteem, and the development of stress related problems. Early symptoms may include headaches, fatigue, irritability, and loss of appetite. Long term problems linked to increased blood pressure and circulatory problems may arise. | |||||
STR | VIOLENCE\ABUSE | Being subjected to violence and/or abuse can lead to the victim developing a low self esteem and stress related problems. | |||||
VDU | WORKSTATION DESIGN | Many of the problems associated with VDU working arise from the poor design of the work station and work area. If inadequate attention is paid to this then problems are virtually guaranteed. Problems with hands, arms, back, eyes, stress and many others may all be linked to poor posture and workstation ergonomics. | |||||
VDU,ENV | LI | BAD LIGHTING | Inadequate lighting at work can lead to eye strain, fatigue, headaches, stress, and accidents. In the long run, working in poor light can damage eyesight. Older workers are more affected by bad light. And the amount of light is not the only factor, BADLY DESIGNED LIGHTING SYSTEMS CAN LEAD TO GLARE. The effects of glare are roughly the same as for poor lighting. Moving from well lit areas to poorly lit areas can cause temporary problems while the eyes adjust to the change. | ||||
VIB,RSI | CL,ME | BUFFING MACHINE | The development of problems associated with buffing machines is usually a gradual progressive process.The problems can be split into two groups the first is one arising from vibration, this can cause deterioration of the blood supply vessels in the hands.This can lead to the development of Vibration Induced White Finger (VWF) a condition which leaves the fingers becoming numb, pins and needles, and the fingers gradually developing the tendency to go white from the fingertips. The second set of problems is linked to the necessity to hold either the article being buffed, or the machine itself, in a tight grip. This can lead to muscular/tendon/bone problems arising from the repeated tight gripping action. | ||||
VIB,WKS,RSI | TL | HAMMERING | Manual labour causing severe or prolonged friction or pressure on the hand causes subcutaneous cellulitis (beat hand). Beat hand is due to infection of the tissues of the hand, thumb, or finger, via a break in the skin. Local cellulitis develops and may spread across the palm of the hand. The affected hand becomes painful and swollen. A second area of concern surrounds the effects of prolonged periods of tightly gripping the shaft of a hammer (or a pick) and then striking something forceibly. The impact travels up the handle, and coupled with the tight grasp, may cause damage to muscles, tendons, or joints of the hand/wrist. | ||||
STR,ACC | AS,MA,FD,PR | PRODUCTION LINE | Working at a production line can create two very different types of hazards. The first is associated with the risk of being CAUGHT in the MECHANICAL PROCESS. The second is associated with problems surrounding the pace and style of work being dictated by the belt. STRESS; this can arise from workers being in competition with the belt, or other workers on performance related pay systems. BOREDOM; the monotony of the work can lead to apathy, lack of concentration, and an increase in the accident rate. R.S.I.; the repeated use of the same muscles and tendons, sometimes in unnatural positions can lead to problems with the muscles and tendons being used. PACE OF WORK; the line sets the pace of work, difficulty keeping up with this pace can lead to fear of job loss, increased accident rates, higher stress levels, increased health hazards. | ||||
VIB,WKS | TL | ENGINES, STEERING WHEELS ETC | Most modern vehicles do not transmit enough vibration to be considered a health hazard. However there are, of course, exceptions to that generalisation. Some commercial vehicles transmit high levels of whole body vibration, especially when being operated on a rough unmade site. Symptoms may include motion sickness, fatigue, weakness, disturbed sleep, hernias, blurred vision and piles. Hand or arm vibration transmitted via the steering wheel may lead to permanent damage to the blood vessels that supply the hand and fingers,nerves, bones, muscles and tendons, and joints. Early symptoms can include; pins and needles, numbness, loss of sensitivity in the finger ends. Prolonged exposure to hand/arm vibration can lead to the development of VIBRATION INDUCED WHITE FINGER (VWF), a disease in which the fingers become progressively white from the tips. | ||||
VIB | ME | SHOTBLASTING | Most shotblasting is powered by compressed air, and the delivery pipe requires a firm grip at all times. This can lead to problems affecting the hand and the fingers. The muscles, tendons and joints can become sore and swollen, and the blood supply to the fingers can be affected. This can lead to pins and needles, numbness, and fingers that start to go white from the fingertips upwards (VWF). | ||||
VIB,RSI | BU,RL,RD | VIBRATION COMPACTOR | The use of vibration compactors for prolonged periods can cause permanent damage to the blood supply vessels in the hands and fingers. Symptoms include pins and needless, numbness, and the onset of VIBRATION INDUCED WHITE FINGER (VWF) where the hands become white progressively from the fingertips upwards. This is coupled with a loss of sensitivity which leaves workers with the inability to deal with small objects and difficulty with tasks like fastening buttons. This type of work may also affect the muscles, tendons and joints of the hands, arms, and shoulders. | ||||
CHE | FP,RL,LE | HERBICIDES | Herbicides can be separated into "contact" which remains on the outside of the plant, or "systemic" which penetrates into the plant. They can then be sub-divided into "total" which kills all vegetation, or "selective" which kills weeds but not the crop. Adverse effects will be dictated by the contents of the herbicide being used. It is important to find out EXACTLY WHAT THE HERBICIDE CONTAINS - without this information you will not be able to set up safe working practices or diagnose problems that may arise following exposure. Short term problems may include, headaches, dermatitis, and upper respiratory tract irritation. ALL HERBICIDES SHOULD BE TREATED WITH EXTREME CAUTION. In general skin contamination should be avoided, and inhalation of mists or fumes may be a respiratory irritant and affect the mucous membranes. If you think that you may be exposed to herbicides see Knowledge Bank about HAZARD PREVENTION. | ||||
CHE | CL,FD,HO,ED,OF | CLEANING CHEMICALS | Cleaning chemicals will contain SOLVENTS, ACIDS or ALKALIS. The heavier the cleaning job, the more vicious these chemicals will need to be, so the more care you must take. All cleaning chemicals are likely to irritate the skin, so you should always work in gloves and make sure any skin abrasions are carefully protected. Fumes can cause dizziness, sickness, headaches so ventilation is important. With concentrated acids and alkalis there is also the risk of burning through skin contact, or internal burning through inhaling acid fumes. ALWAYS make sure you have good-quality, COMFORTABLE protective clothing so that you can work safely with cleaning chemicals. | ||||
DUS,CHE | ME,LB | FO,ML | NICKEL | Health hazards from occupational exposure to nickel fall into three major categories: ALLERGY: nickel and nickel compounds are among the most common causes of allergic dermatitis. Nickel may also be responsible for asthma and conjunctivitis. RHINITIS & SINUSITIS; as well as rhinitis and sinusitis nickel dust can cause nasal polyps,perforation of the nasal septum and upper respiratory tract irritation. CANCER; a higher incidence of nasal cancer and lung cancer is recorded among nickel workers. | |||
ENV,VDU | LI | GLARE | There are three kinds of glare from lights: DISABILITY GLARE; glare from bare lights can dazzle your eyes and affect your ability to see clearly. DISCOMFORT GLARE; this type of glare is caused by large areas of low brightness and occurs particularly when the tube is poorly covered or the diffuser is inadequate. Diffusers help to scatter the light to give uniform brightness. REFLECTED GLARE; light reflected off shiny surfaces from large overhead sources can be very annoying and can make reading from documents or a screen difficult. Symptoms may include headaches, stress, fatigue, eye strain and increased accident rates. | ||||
CHE | ME,EL | ELECTROPLATING | In the individual steps of the process there are different types of danger because of the use of IRRITANT and TOXIC CHEMICALS, CONCENTRATED ACIDS, and ALKALIS as well as their vapours. In addition, there is exposure to dust from work material and gases and vapours of the organic solvents used in the cleaning process. HEATED ORGANIC SOLVENTS is toxic by inhalation of vapours, skin contact or oral intake. CUMULATIVE EFFECTS in the body are particularly harmful, in chronic poisoning liver damage and central nervous system effects are noted. In the PICKLING PROCESS the chief danger is the CORROSIVE EFFECT of concentrated acids and alkalis on the skin and mucous membranes. Other parts of the process are noted for their danger, including the use of: CHROMIC ACID, NICKEL SALTS AND COMPOUNDS, CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS, CYANIDE AND NITRIC ACID. | ||||
ACC | MI,ME,LD | CONVEYOR BELTS | The hazards arising from the use of conveyor belts are mainly linked to the danger of becoming caught in the mechanism. The usage of unprotected conveyor belts as a means of conveying people, as was relatively common underground in coal mining, is now largely ended. The employer has a duty to have a safe system of work that takes into account the dangers of working on, or around, a moving conveyor belt. If it is necessary to have work carried out while the belt is working a permit to work system should be considered. For work which requires the belt to be stopped, or for breakdowns, a system of isolating the start mechanism is necessary. Full information and training in the safe system of work is essential. | ||||
STR,HRS | PIECEWORK/PAYMENT BY RESULTS | Any system that ties wages to targets, whether individually or collectively, can cause problems for health and safety.In an attempt to earn more money a worker may; * take short cuts or risks * remove guards to speed up the process * shorten, or ignore, break times * work longer to complete a task * over concentrate on the single task and miss warning signals This can cause; * increased accident rates * development of strain injuries * increased fatigue * increased stress levels, which in turn can cause many problems | |||||
RSI | REPETITIVE WORK | Work that is of a repetitive nature, i.e. regularly using the same muscles, tendons, and/or joints, can have serious consequences for health. * The first sign of problems is often a numbness, tingling, ache, or tenderness in the affected area. * Rest, even without any treatment, is often enough for the problem to go away. * A return to the same kind of work will often mean a return of the symptoms, often in less time than before. * Ultimately it can lead to permanent damage. * Some forms of repetitive strain injuries are recognised by the D.S.S. as industrial injuries. | |||||
CLO | EYESTRAIN | Close work in less than perfect lighting can lead to eyestrain and headaches. * Older workers are more affected by bad light and close work. * Eye tests should be provided for workers whose job requires regular periods of close work. | |||||
RAD | UV | BU,RD,FP,PA,ME | WE | ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION | Many cases of skin cancer are linked to long periods of exposure to sunlight. Prolonged exposure causes skin changes, often a warty type of growth, a small proportion of these develop into cancer. | ||
RAD | ME,MA | INFRARED RADIATION | Most industrial exposures to infrared radiations are from hot furnaces, molten metals or glass. Usually the pain from getting too near prevents any long term or severe effects. The lens of the eyes are different in that long term damage can accrue without necessarily getting close enough to be burned in the normal sense. |